Embryology in the Quran and Sunnah: How the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ Knew What Science Took 1400 Years to Discover
Does Embryology Prove that Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah?
Table of Contents
- Introduction
- The History of Embryology — From Aristotle to the Microscope
- The Preformation Theory and the Two Competing Groups
- The Resolution — Spallanzani and Wolff
- The Preformation Theory — Details
- The Prophet’s Answer to the Jew — 1400 Years Ago
- The Three Scientific Myths Shattered by the Quran and Sunnah
- Myth 1 and 2 — The Fetus Exists in Only One Parent’s Fluid
- Quranic Verse — Surah Al-Insan
- Understanding of Classical Islamic Scholars
- Understanding of Hadith Scholars
- The Encyclopedia Britannica on Gametes
- Myth 3 — The Fetus Exists Complete Without Stages
- Quranic Verses on the Stages of Creation
- The Hadith of 42 Nights — Scientific Confirmation
- Scientific Websites on the 42-Day Milestone
- Is There a Race Inside the Womb?
- The Hadith on the Race — Text and Explanation
- Scientific Explanation of Sex Determination
- Not All of a Man’s Water Produces a Child
- The Quran on Male and Female from the Man’s Fluid
- Dr. Keith L. Moore’s Testimony
- Conclusion — The Scholars’ Certainty
Introduction
Perhaps this topic answers this question and leaves the judgment to the rational listener.
When did embryologists and masters of medicine and anatomy know that humans are created from a sperm cell — and not from the sperm of a man or a woman only? This is the question that the topic revolves around.
The History of Embryology — From Aristotle to the Microscope
In the past, people’s thoughts were haunted by questions about how an individual is formed before birth. Since 340 BC, Aristotle was conducting his observations on chicken embryos, and he described them using only his naked eye. His work was a symbol of the beginning of the transformation of human thought from superstition and intuition to observation.
The situation remained this way until approximately the seventeenth century, when the microscope developed into a more efficient instrument.
- In 1672 AD, the scientist De Graaf discovered the egg — the ovarian follicles.
- In 1677 AD, the scientists (Hamm) and (Leeuwenhoek) discovered the male gamete — the sperm in the semen.
Until then, the importance of these gametes in embryonic formation was not understood. At first, it was thought that they were parasites, but they were given an important role after their reality was confirmed. They were suggested as a carrier of the tiny embryo instead of the egg, while the latter (the egg) provides the place and food necessary for growth, just as seeds grow in the soil. Hence the name Semen or Sperm, which means seed.

Robert Hooke’s Microscope — Robert Hooke (1635 – 1703)

Invented by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (1632 AD – 1723 AD) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonie_van_Leeuwenhoek
The Preformation Theory and the Two Competing Groups
With the advent of the microscope, a new theory emerged: the Preformation Theory. Malpighi claimed in (1673) that he saw a complete small chicken embryo in the unincubated egg, and therefore the process of embryonic formation is nothing but the growth of the small embryo and the extension of its parts and increasing their density, just as a plant bud grows. This theory was widely accepted and prevailed in the scientific community for nearly a century.
Buffon (1760) stated that he had examined a number of eggs at different stages of incubation, and that he was convinced that the chicken embryo was present in the center of the egg from the moment it left the chicken’s body. Researchers interested in studying insects, such as Swammerdam (1637-1680), made similar observations. It seems that these researchers were unable to distinguish between the egg and the cocoon, because their description applied to the latter.
At that time, two groups appeared who believed in the theory of preformation with two different concepts:
- The first group claimed that the egg contains a complete embryo in miniature and that it is stimulated to grow, and its parts enlarge by semen.
- The second group claimed that the sperm contained this complete fetus and that the egg was merely a storehouse for its nourishment, and this fetus was called (the miniature individual) — Homunculus.
For a period of time, it seemed to the first group that it was superior in its claim over the second group, when Bonnet discovered in 1745 AD that the eggs of some insects could develop parthenogenetically without fertilization.
The Resolution — Spallanzani and Wolff
The debate between the two groups continued into the next century until it was settled by the studies of:
- Spallanzani Lazzaro Spallanzani (Scandiano, January 10, 1729 - Pavia, February 12, 1799) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazzaro_Spallanzani
- Kaspar Friedrich Wolff (1733 – 1794)


Spallanzani’s studies were a fundamental step in the emergence of the experimental method for solving embryological problems, as he was able to explain that the sexual gametes of both the male and female are necessary for the formation of the new individual.
The Preformation Theory — Details




https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preformationism
In the history of biology, preformationism (or preformism) is a formerly popular theory that organisms develop from miniature versions of themselves. Instead of assembly from parts, preformationists believed that the form of living things exist, in real terms, prior to their development. Preformationists suggested that all organisms were created at the same time, and that succeeding generations grow from homunculi, or animalcules, that have existed since the beginning of creation.
As for the scientist Wolff, who was a contemporary of Spallanzani, he wrote a wonderful treatise in which he explained his opinion on another theory: the theory of cumulative formation (Epigenesis). Wolff explained that he did not see a small embryo inside the unincubated egg and showed that the embryo arises from a granular substance in the unincubated chicken egg. It does not contain any small embryo. This substance undergoes gradual changes and is arranged in layers that lead to the formation of the embryo.
http://www.biology-online.org/articl…p-figures.html
This opinion was supported by other scientists such as the scientist Carl Ernst Von Baer. This scientist has a great merit in embryology and he is the one who launched a law named after him — Beer’s Law — which states that the basic general characteristics of a group of animals appear first during embryonic formation before the special characteristics that distinguish the different individuals of that group, such as the appearance of the characteristic of the notochord for the group of chordates before the characteristic of feathers for birds or the characteristic of hair for mammals (birds and mammals belong to the phylum Chordata). This scientist is the one who laid the foundations for our knowledge about germ layers in embryos as well.
After embryology advanced further with the introduction of experimental embryology into research, the scientist Wilhelm Roux conducted an experiment in 1888 AD through which he concluded that the theory of pre-formation is correct. He destroyed one of the two cells resulting from the first cleavage of a frog egg with a very hot needle.
Wilhelm Roux (June 9, 1850 – September 15, 1924) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Roux
He noticed that the embryo formed from the other non-functional cell is incomplete, which supports the idea of pre-formation. Then it was found later that the survival of the destroyed cell with the cell forming the embryo led to this deficiency in the formed embryo. If the two living cells were separated from each other, each of them would form a complete embryo, as was experimentally proven by a number of scientists in later years extending to the year 1933 AD.
The Prophet’s Answer to the Jew — 1400 Years Ago
To prove this, let us return to the desert in the sixteenth century AD, hundreds of years before this confusion. We find the amazing wonder, as the Quraysh used to sit in the road and the Prophet, may God bless him and grant him peace, used to sit with his companions. A Jew passed by them. They called out to him and said: “This man claims to be a prophet sent by Allah. Ask him about something that will embarrass him in front of his companions and reveal his lie. Allah forbid.”
Quraysh knew that the Jews were people of the Book and knew the heritage and prophecies that no one else knew. So the Jew went to ask the Prophet (PBUH) about something that would reveal to them that he was not a prophet from Allah Almighty.
A question from 1400 years ago.
He (PBUH) said: “O Jew, man is created from everything, from the sperm of a man and from the sperm of a woman.”
Imam Muslim narrated on the authority of his chain of transmission that a Jew passed by the Prophet (PBUH) while he was talking to his companions. Quraysh said: “O Jew, this man claims to be a prophet.” The Jew said: “I will ask him about something that only a prophet knows.” He said: “O Muhammad, from what is man created?” The Messenger of God, may God bless him and grant him peace, said:
The Jew said: “Thus did those before you say” — that is, the prophets.
One of the atheists said about a hadith of the Prophet, may God bless him and grant him peace, that it is from the legends of the ancients.
The Three Scientific Myths Shattered by the Quran and Sunnah
So before we list the rest of the miracles and verses, we say that there are three scientific myths that the Holy Quran and the Sunnah of the Prophet shatter:
The second myth: The fetus exists in the woman’s egg only.
The third myth: The fetus exists completely and integrated in one of the two sperms and does not go through the stages of creation.
Myth 1 and 2 — The Fetus Exists in Only One Parent’s Fluid

“God did not create the child except from the sperm of the man and the woman together.”
The Prophet, may God bless him and grant him peace, explains the zygote — which is the process of forming a complete genome for a new human being, equally divided between the father and the mother ½ exactly as the words of the Noble Messenger expressed: “God did not create the child except from the sperm of the man and the woman together!”


Quranic Verse — Surah Al-Insan
Linguistic interpretation:
Ibn Manzur said in Lisan Al-Arab: “Nutfah: Nutfah is a small pearl, and the singular is Natifah, and Nutafah is likened to a drop of water.”
Al-Zubaidi said in Taj al-Arus: “The ears of the cattle dripped, and dripped: became wet with water and dripped. Amshaj: plural of mashj, which is mixtures. It is said: I mixed this with this if I mixed it and it is mixed with it and mashij means mixed.”
In biology, the term gametes is used — mixing, exactly in the English word Mixing — to name what happens from mixing and merging of the nuclei and genetic material of both the woman and the man when the first cell forming the human body is formed. This is called the genetic mixing / intra-chromosomic mixing more generally in genetics.
Look for a moment at the formation of the first cell of a human body in drawing C, and what happened first in drawing B: the mixing of his parents’ genes carried in their waters, which is what is expressed by the scientific phrase: “mixing of cell and chromosome of ovum and sperm.”
It is scientifically proven that a human being is a sperm cell — the first cell that forms his body.
Understanding of Classical Islamic Scholars
This is what Ikrimah, Mujahid, Al-Hasan Al-Basri and Al-Rabi’ said: “Mixed semen is the mixing of the man’s semen with the woman’s semen.”
Understanding of Hadith Scholars
He also said: “The organs, parts and form are formed from the combination of the two fluids, and this is correct.”
The Encyclopedia Britannica on Gametes
Animal gametes show advanced forms (Heterogamy) called (Oogamy). The male gametes are small and mobile and are called sperm, and the female gametes are large and immobile and are called ovum.
Myth 3 — The Fetus Exists Complete Without Stages
Quranic Verses on the Stages of Creation


{And He has created you in stages} — It was said: Its meaning is from a sperm-drop, then from Alaqah, then from a lump of flesh.

The scholars of interpretation said that the phrase “creation after creation” means that man goes through successive stages during the process of his creation, which the Qur’an has detailed in Surat Al-Mu’minun (12-14).
“This is what modern embryology revealed in the eighteenth century, confirming the Almighty’s saying: {And you will surely know its news after a time.}”
“This is the Holy Quran that was revealed to the illiterate Prophet with the conclusive argument in the seventh century AD.”
The Hadith of 42 Nights — Scientific Confirmation
(When forty-two nights pass over the sperm, Allah sends an angel to it, who shapes it and creates its hearing, sight, skin, flesh, and bones)
First, from the perspective of the noble hadith, it tells us about the development of the fetus in the womb.

And ten centuries before these — a thousand years before them — the Holy Quran was revealed confirming to the worlds that the fetus in its mother’s womb goes through stages of development as science has discovered today and that it continues to develop creation after creation and not as scientists previously believed.

Scientific Websites on the 42-Day Milestone

Another site states:
Scientists confirm that the sixth week is the age at which the eye opening begins to appear, and this confirms the words of the Beloved: (Then He formed it and created its hearing and its sight). As for the eye, it appears clearly on day 42, and we find their saying according to the famous embryologist Keith Moore:
After exactly 42 days have passed, the eye and ear begin to develop at an amazing speed, and they say:
That is, the ears and eyes develop rapidly during the seventh week (i.e. after 42 nights of conception), which means that by the end of the sixth week, the fetus takes on its human form. The heart beats at a rate of 40-80 beats per minute as measured with an electrocardiogram from 6-7 weeks after conception. The fetus’s heart begins to beat clearly from the sixth week.


https://www.sfuhl.org/k_appendix_1_sixth_week.htm
It is well known that the fetus remains in its mother’s womb for nine months (9 months) or at least six months (6 months). If the Prophet wanted to write an example, he would say that the fetus is fully developed in the fifth or seventh month. No person in this era would ever expect that as soon as the sperm passes through the womb, the fetus would form in the second month?!!
The woman does not show signs of pregnancy and her belly does not appear large during these days, so how did the illiterate prophet (PBUH) know that the fetus begins to mature at 42 days, i.e. after a month and a half of pregnancy? How could a man 1400 years ago realize this particular day in the life of the fetus, and modern science has not been able to know the development of fetuses except after the advancement of the mechanisms of endoscopy and supercomputers, in addition to the fact that scientists say that women may not even know that they are pregnant during this period and may not even realize that they are carrying a fetus
“It is believed that the majority of women do not realize that they are pregnant during the first six weeks after conception.” — 6th week after conception, Rugh, p. 54
https://www.kaheel7.com/ar/index.php/2010-02-02-22-17-58/81-2010-02-26-13-01-14
Is There a Race Inside the Womb?
The answer is yes: The Prophet, may God bless him and grant him peace, says that there is a race inside the womb!
The Hadith on the Race — Text and Explanation
(The man’s fluid is white, and the woman’s fluid is yellow. If they come together and the man’s semen overpowers the woman’s semen, they will be a male child, by Allah’s permission. If the woman’s semen overpowers the man’s semen, they will be a female child, by Allah’s permission.)
The Jew said: “Indeed you are right.”
Ibn Hajar, may God have mercy on him, said that “precedence” is a sign of masculinity and femininity, and what is meant by “highness” here is “precedence.”
As for what Muslim narrated in his Sahih that he said (If the man’s semen precedes the woman’s semen, the man will be male, Allah willing, and if the woman’s semen precedes the man’s semen, the man will be female, Allah willing), here we find that this hadith used the word “preceded” instead of “raised.” The word “preceded” means to advance or to take the lead in running and in everything. The two who are racing must have started from one place and are heading to one place. So when I say if Ahmad preceded Muhammad, then Ahmad and Muhammad must have started from one place and are racing in one direction. Hence, whoever says that what is meant by the woman’s semen in the hadith is vaginal secretions must clarify our understanding — the wrong word for “preceded” and how vaginal secretions precede the man’s semen and both are from different sources and what is the direction they compete for.
“If the man’s semen precedes the woman’s semen, a male will be born, God willing…etc… and as long as the hadith used the word ‘preceded’, this means that this semen came from one source and is heading to one source, which is the egg — and of course it is scientifically known that if the sperm that carries the male characteristic precedes in fertilizing the egg, the child will be male and the opposite is true.”
Scientific Explanation of Sex Determination
So who taught Muhammad (PBUH) that there is a real race going on inside the woman’s womb?
You can know all this by watching the wonderful movie (Life before life).
- If the sperm carrying the Y chromosome precedes the sperm carrying the X chromosome and fuses with the egg → the baby will be male.
- If the sperm carrying the X chromosome precedes the sperm carrying the Y chromosome and fuses with the egg → the baby will be female.
Based on this, the gist of the hadith is that the gender of the fetus, whether male or female, depends on the man’s semen, which contains the sex chromosomes, on the basis of which the gender of the fetus is determined. This is what science has proven, and this is what the Chosen One, may God bless him and grant him peace, indicated when he used the word “precede”, which indicates the unity of the starting point.
Not All of a Man’s Water Produces a Child
“A child does not come from every kind of water, and when God wants to create something, nothing can prevent Him.”
And on the authority of Abu Sa`id al-Khudri, he said: The Messenger of God, may God bless him and grant him peace, was asked about coitus interruptus, and he said: “A child does not come from every kind of water, and when God wants to create something, nothing can prevent Him.”

Explaining the fact that only the sperm part of all the water is responsible for the formation of the child is one of the discoveries of modern science now!
The Quran on Male and Female from the Man’s Fluid

X sperm female / Y sperm male
Is there any indication for the denier that it is the word of God more than this???
Dr. Keith L. Moore’s Testimony
- The Developing Human: Clinically Oriented Embryology
- Clinically Oriented Anatomy
- Essential Clinical Anatomy
“This proves to me that Muhammad must have been a messenger from God.”
Conclusion — The Scholars’ Certainty
Based on these clear scientific facts in both the Book of God Almighty and the Sunnah of His Messenger, may God bless him and grant him peace, Muslim scholars were certain of them at a time when Western scholars were floundering in the darkness of myths and superstitions for ten whole centuries or more until they reached some primitive conception of those facts, and they did not complete their vision until the last decades of the twentieth century.