The universe is expanding

(And Indeed, We Are expanding)

{And the heaven We constructed with power, and indeed, We are expanding it. (Adh-Dhariyat: 47)}

In the first third of the twentieth century, astronomers observed the process of the expansion of the universe, which was the subject of a long debate until scientists accepted its truth. The Holy Qur’an had previously referred to this truth fourteen hundred years ago, when the Truth (Glory be to Him) said:

And the heaven We constructed with power, and indeed, We are expanding it. (Adh-Dhariyat: 47)

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EXPLANATION

This noble verse was revealed while the whole world was calling for the stability of the universe and its unchangeability. This belief remained prevalent until the middle of the twentieth century, when astronomical observations proved the truth of the expansion of the universe and the separation of its galaxies from us and from each other at rates sometimes approaching the speed of light (estimated at about three hundred thousand kilometers per second). Both mathematical equations and the laws of theoretical physics supported the conclusions of astronomers in this regard.

Based on this correct observation, astronomers, astrophysicists, and theoretical physicists called for the fact that if we go back in time with this cosmic expansion, all forms of matter and energy present in the universe (perceived and unperceived) must meet and pile up on each other in a single primary body that is extremely small to almost zero or nothingness, and at this point the dimensions of both space and time shrink until they disappear (the patching stage).

This primary body was in a state of density and heat at which all known physical laws stop, and Then the human mind can hardly imagine them, so this initial mass exploded by the command of Allah (the Most High) in a phenomenon that scientists call the Big Bang,

and the Holy Qur’an calls it the “crack.” The Holy Qur’an preceded all human knowledge in referring to that great cosmic event by a thousand and four hundred years, with the words of the Truth (the Most High):

“Have not those who disbelieved seen that the heavens and the earth were a joined entity, and We separated them and made from water every living thing? Will they not then believe?”

(Al-Anbiya: 30)

. Theoretical physics studies in the late twentieth century indicate that a mass with the specifications of the initial mass of the universe, when it explodes, turns into a veil of smoke from which the earth and all the heavenly bodies were created. The Holy Qur’an preceded all human knowledge by a thousand and four hundred years, with its reference to the stage of smoke, in the words of the Truth (the Most High): ”

Say, ‘Do you indeed disbelieve in He who created the earth in two days and attribute to Him equals? That is the Lord of the worlds.’ And He placed therein firm mountains above it and blessed it.” And He measured therein its sustenance in four days, equal for those who ask. Then He directed Himself to the heaven while it was smoke and said to it and to the earth, “Come in, willingly or by compulsion.” They said, “We come in obedience.” So He completed them as seven heavens in two days, and inspired in each heaven its command. And We adorned the lowest heaven with lamps and preserved them. That is the determination of the Almighty, the Knowing. (Fussilat: 9-12)

On November 8, 1989, the American Space Agency launched

a spacecraft named the Discoverer of the Cosmic Background Radiation

This is in an orbit at an altitude of six hundred kilometers around the Earth, far from the influence of both clouds and pollutants in the lower reaches of the Earth’s atmosphere. This artificial satellite has sent millions of images and information to Earth about the effects of the first smoke that resulted from the Big Bang of the universe from a distance of ten billion light years. It is a dark, smoky state that prevailed in the universe before the creation of the Earth and the heavens. Glory be to Him who sent down, fourteen hundred years ago, His true statement: ”

Then He turned to the heaven while it was smoke and said to it and to the earth, ‘Come, willingly or by compulsion.’ They said, ‘We come willingly.’” (Fussilat: 11)

Smoke from the Sky after the Big Bang (i.e. after the Tearing of the seam)

After accepting the fact that the universe expanded, and that expansion cooled backwards with time until reaching a single initial body that was infinitely small in size to zero or close to nothingness, and infinite in density and heat to an extent that the human mind can hardly imagine, for all known laws of physics stopped at it (the tearing stage), and after accepting the explosion of this initial body (the tearing stage) in a cosmic phenomenon that scientists call the Big Bang, all astronomers, astrophysicists and theorists began to analyze the course of cosmic events after this terrible cosmic event.

And with our belief that those events that are deeply rooted in the history of the universe fall within the heart of the unseen that our Lord (Glory be to Him) informed us about in His saying (Glory be to Him):

I did not make them witness the creation of the heavens and the earth or the creation of themselves, and I would not have taken the misguiders as assistants (Al-Kahf: 51)

except that The laws that God Almighty created the universe upon have a consistency, continuity, and stability that can help man to arrive at some correct perception of those unseen events that go deep into the dimensions of cosmic history, despite man’s limited senses, limited mental abilities, and the limitations of both his time and place.

Likewise, advanced technologies such as missiles that cross great distances in the sky, and the satellites that those missiles launch, and the precise measuring and recording devices that they carry have helped to arrive at a photograph of the first cosmic smoke that resulted from the Big Bang, the remains of which have been found on the edges of the observable part of the universe, and at distances reaching ten billion light years, to prove the accuracy of the Qur’anic expression with the word smoke that described the state of the universe before the creation of the heavens and the earth.

Astrophysics and the Smoke of the Universe

Physical calculations indicate that the size of the universe before the Big Bang was almost zero, and was in a strange state of accumulation of both matter and energy, and the disappearance of both space and time, at which all known laws of physics stop (the patching stage), then this initial primary body exploded in a major phenomenon known as the Big Bang phenomenon, the tearing stage, and with its explosion it turned into a ball of radiation and elementary particles that began to expand and cool at very high speeds until it turned into a veil of smoke.

One second after the Big Bang, physical calculations estimate that the temperature of the universe dropped from trillions of absolute degrees to ten billions of absolute degrees [Stephen W. Hawking 1988 AD],

and then the universe turned into a veil of smoke composed of photons

, electrons

, neutrinos and antiparticles

of these particles

with a few protons

and neutrons.

If the universe had not continued to expand and cool at very precisely controlled rates, the elementary particles of matter and their antiparticles would have annihilated each other. Some, and the universe ended, but it was preserved by the preservation of God who perfected everything he created. Neutrons

can exist in the universe in the form of what is called dark matter,

and Alan Guth claims

that the expansion at the beginning of the Big Bang was at rates beyond imagination, which led to an increase in the diameter of the universe by a rate of 2910 times in a fraction of a second

. Theoretical physics calculations indicate that the temperature of the universe continued to decrease to a billion (one thousand million) absolute degrees shortly after that, and at that temperature the protons

and neutrons combined

to form the nuclei of heavy hydrogen atoms or deuterium,

which decomposed into hydrogen or combined with more protons and neutrons to form the nuclei of helium atoms (HeliumNuclei)

and a few nuclei of higher elements such as the nuclei of lithium atoms

and the nuclei of beryllium atoms

, but the majority remained the nuclei of hydrogen and helium gases, and theoretical calculations indicate that shortly after that it stopped The production of both helium and the elements that follow it, and the universe continued to expand, expand and cool for a long period of time, and with the cooling the temperature of the universe decreased to a few thousand degrees absolute when the atoms of the elements began to form and gather and the cosmic smoke began to accumulate in the form of numbers of huge cosmic nebulae.

With the continuation of the process of expansion and cooling in the universe, parts of those nebulae began to condense on themselves due to gravity and to rotate around themselves at gradually increasing speeds until masses of condensed gases were created inside them, and with the continued rotation of those dense masses inside the nebulae, quantities of hydrogen and helium gases inside them began to accumulate on themselves at greater rates, which led to a further increase in their temperatures until they reached the degrees necessary to start the process of nuclear fusion, and stars were formed that produce light and heat.

In large-mass stars, the process of nuclear fusion continued to gradually create the elements of higher atomic weight, such as carbon and oxygen and what follows them, until the core of the star completely turns into iron, and this star explodes Nova in the form of a supernova

The debris above the supernovae

and the heavy elements inside the galaxy are scattered to form planets and asteroids, while some of them remain in the galaxy’s gases that can enter into the construction of another star, God willing.

Our sun contains about 2% of its mass from the heavier elements in their atomic weights than the gases hydrogen and helium, which are its main components, and these heavy elements were certainly not all formed inside the sun, but rather came to it from the remains of some explosions above the supernovae.

Despite the accumulation of both matter and energy in the celestial bodies (such as stars and their satellites), the observable universe appears to us to be homogeneous on a large scale, in all directions, and is limited by an equal radiation background wherever the observer looks.

Also, the expansion of the universe has not yet exceeded the critical limit that could lead to its collapse in on itself and its accumulation again, which confirms that it is governed by extremely precise and strict controls, and the observable universe is still continuing in Its expansion after more than ten billion years (which is the minimum estimated age of the universe) at the same critical expansion rate, and if it exceeded it by a fraction of hundreds of billions of the current rate of expansion, the universe would collapse immediately, so glory be to Him who preserved it from collapse..!! The theory of relativity cannot explain this because all physical laws, and all spatial and temporal dimensions collapse at the initial body of the universe before its explosion (the patching stage) with its mass, density, and extreme heat, and the lack of its volume to almost zero, and no sane person can imagine a source for the creation of this universe with this degree of precision other than it being an order from the Creator (Glory be to Him) whose only order when He wants a thing is to say to it, “Be,” and it is (Yasin: 82).

For example, physicists mention that if the electrical charge of the electron changed slightly, the stars would not be able to carry out the process of nuclear fusion, and would be unable to explode in the form of What is called supernova

if it is hypothetically able to carry out the process of nuclear fusion.

The average rate of the expansion of the universe must have been chosen very wisely because its current rate is still close to the critical limit necessary to prevent the universe from collapsing on itself.

Theoretical and astronomical physicists decide that the cosmic smoke was a mixture of hot, dark gases interspersed with some elementary particles of matter and antimatter,

so that this image of the prevailing duality in the universe testifies to God alone in His uniqueness in oneness above all His creation. There is no word that does justice to this state of description like the word smoke, so glory be to Him who revealed it in His book fourteen hundred years ago.

From those elementary particles of matter in the initial cosmic smoke were formed the nuclei of atoms of hydrogen and helium gases, and after that they reached the limit that allows the formation of stable atoms of heavier elements by the union of the nuclei of hydrogen and helium atoms. This dark smoke remained dominant and contained the atoms of the elements from which all of the following were created. From earth and sky.

Theoretical studies indicate that the universe in its smoky state was characterized by a degree of homogeneity with slight variations in both density and temperature between one region and another, due to the beginning of the transformation of parts of that smoke by the decree of God (the Most High)

into regions where large quantities of both matter and energy are concentrated in the form of nebulae. Since gravity in those regions is directly proportional to the amount of matter and energy concentrated in them, this led to further accumulation of matter and energy, through which stars and the rest of the celestial bodies began to be created inside those nebulae. Stars were formed in their early stages from light elements such as hydrogen and helium, which gradually began to transform into heavier elements with the beginning of the nuclear fusion process inside those stars according to the mass of each one.

Imaging cosmic smoke

On November 8, 1989, the US Space Agency launched a vehicle called the Cosmic Background Radiation Explorer

It rose to an orbit around the Earth at a height of six hundred kilometers above sea level, in order to measure the temperature of the background radiation of the universe, and to measure both the material and light density and microwaves

in the observable universe, away from the influence of both clouds and pollutants in the lower regions of the Earth’s atmosphere. This exploratory satellite sent a huge amount of information and millions of images of the traces of the first cosmic smoke that resulted from the Big Bang of the universe, from a distance of ten billion light years. These images proved that this cosmic smoke is in a completely dark state, representing the state of darkness that prevailed in the universe in its early stages.

Scientists estimate the mass of this dark smoke at about 90% of the mass of matter in the observable universe. George Smooth,

one of those responsible for the explorer’s journey , wrote

a report published in 1992 on the results derived from this huge number of cosmic images, the most important of which was the homogeneous smoke state that prevailed in existence after the Big Bang, as well as the temperature remaining in the form of background radiation that confirmed the occurrence of that Big Bang. These discoveries were the most eloquent response to the false theories that tried - from the starting points of disbelief and atheism - to bypass creation and deny the Creator (Glory be to Him), so they falsely called for the perpetuity of the universe without beginning or end, such as the theory of the continuous universe

that was previously announced and defended by Hermann Bondi

and Fred Hoyle in 1949, and the theory of the oscillating universe

that Richard Tolman had

previously called for. Proving the existence of cosmic smoke and the background radiation of the universe after proving the expansion of the universe was what confirms that our universe A creature that has a beginning and must one day have an end, and the images broadcast by the Radiation Background Explorer spacecraft, which were published in April 1992, confirmed all these facts.

The spread of various forms of energy in the universe

The initial body of the universe was full of matter and energy, a terrible accumulation in which the volume was almost zero, and in which all dimensions of space and time vanished, and all the laws of physics known to us stopped as we previously indicated (the patching stage), and after the explosion of this initial body and the beginning of the universe’s expansion, the radiation expanded and the universe remained always full of electromagnetic energy, but the more the universe expanded, the less concentrated the energy in it, and its density decreased, and its temperature decreased.

The first form of energy in the universe is the force of gravity,

which is a cosmic force, meaning that every body in the universe is subject to the force of gravity according to its mass or the amount of energy in it, and it is an attractive force that works across long distances, and preserves for the perceived part of The universe, its structure and dimensions, and perhaps this is what is meant by the words of the Truth (Glory be to Him):

“It is Allah who raised the heavens without pillars that you can see…” (Al-Ra`d: 2) and His words (

Glory be to Him): ”

Have you not seen that Allah has subjected to you whatever is on the earth, and the ships sail through the sea by His command? And He holds the heaven lest it fall upon the earth except by His permission. Indeed, Allah is to the people Kind and Merciful” (Al-Hajj: 65).

And His words (Glory be to Him):

“And among His signs is that the heaven and the earth stand by His command. Then, when He calls you with one call from the earth, at once you will emerge” (Al-Rum: 25).

And His words (Glory be to Him): ”

He created the heavens without pillars that you can see” (Luqman: 10). And His words (Exalted be He): “Indeed, Allah holds the heavens and the earth lest they cease to exist. And if they should cease, no one could hold them after Him. Indeed, He is Forbearing and Forgiving” (Al-Hajj: 65

).

Fatir: 41).

And our Lord (Glory be to Him) swears, and He is independent of oaths, at the beginning of Surat At-Tur by the raised ceiling. This Qur’anic oath came with the raised sky without visible pillars..!!

The second form of energy spread throughout the universe is electrical/magnetic forces (or electromagnetism).

These are forces that operate between electrically charged particles, and they are millions of times stronger than gravity (about 4110 times). They are represented by the forces of attraction between particles that carry different electrical charges (positive and negative), as well as the forces of repulsion between particles that carry similar electrical charges. These forces of attraction and repulsion almost cancel each other out, and therefore the result of the electromagnetic forces in the universe is almost zero, but at the level of the molecules and atoms that make up matter, they remain the dominant forces.

The electromagnetic forces are what force the electrons

in the atoms of the elements to revolve around the nucleus in the same way that the forces of gravity force the Earth (and other planets of the solar system) to revolve around the sun. If this indicates anything, it indicates the unity of construction in the universe from its smallest minutes to its largest units, which is what bears witness to the Creator (Glory be to Him) with absolute oneness without A partner, unparalleled and unrivaled.

Physicists depict the electromagnetic force as resulting from the exchange of large numbers of almost weightless particles called photons.

The third force in the universe is the strong nuclear force

, which is the force that holds together the basic building blocks of matter inside each of the protons

and neutrons

in the nucleus of the atom. These forces reach their maximum power at normal levels of energy, but they weaken as energy levels continually rise.

The fourth force in the universe is the weak nuclear force,

which is the force responsible for the process of radioactivity.

While the strong nuclear force weakens at higher energy levels, both the weak nuclear force and the electromagnetic force strengthen at those higher energy levels.

Theoretical physicists unify the electromagnetic forces, and the strong and weak nuclear forces in what is called the theory of grand unification,

which

is considered a prelude to a larger theory that unifies all cosmic forces in a single great force, one that bears witness to God the Creator’s absolute oneness. From this great force emerged the four great forces known in the universe: the force of gravity, the electromagnetic force, and both the strong and weak nuclear forces directly with the Big Bang (the rupture after the patching). With the exception of gravity, the other cosmic forces reach the same rate at very high levels of energy called the great energy of unification. Hence, these three forms of energy are considered three aspects of a single force, to which gravity is not excluded, as it is a force with a very long range, controlling the bodies of the universe and the large gatherings of matter. Therefore, it can theoretically be ignored for the sake of simplification when dealing with the elementary particles of matter, or even with the atoms of the elements. And this The image of the unity of construction in the universe, and the unity of energy images in it, with the prevalence of pairing in creation - all creation - is the testimony of the universe to its Creator (Glory be to Him) in the uniqueness of absolute oneness above all of His creation without a likeness, partner or disputer, and God Almighty spoke the truth when He said: And of everything We created pairs that you may remember (Adh-Dhariyat: 49). And He says: Had there been within them gods other than God, they would have been ruined. So glory be to God, Lord of the Throne, above what they describe (Al-Anbiya: 22). And glory be to Him when He revealed fourteen hundred years ago His true statement

: Then He directed Himself to the heaven while it was smoke and said to it and to the earth, “Come, willingly or by compulsion.” They said, “We come willingly.” (Fussilat: 11). Source: Dr. Zaghloul El-Naggar’s website, Professor of Earth Sciences and Technology