Unitarian Christians_ Ebionites

Ebionism : A Christian sect,

a movement similar to Judaism (one of the heretical movements in the first century AD) in terms of its adherence to varying degrees to the teachings of Moses. Their doctrine is characterized by their adherence to abstract monotheism, their denial of the claim of the deification of Christ and their consideration of him as a mere human prophet, and their commitment to the books of Moses and the prophets and the rituals and duties they require [1]

. It spread in Palestine and neighboring regions such as Cyprus and Asia Minor until it reached Rome .

They speak Aramaic, and although most of its followers were Jews who took the title of Nazarenes, a number of nations (i.e. non-Jews) followed it. The Ebionite heresy appeared in the early days of Christianity, but it did not become a doctrine with its followers and disciples until the reign of Emperor Trajan (52-117 AD). They denied that

Paul was an apostle and had their own Gospel, the Gospel of Matthew (in a different form than what is known now). Their opinion was that Christ was an ordinary man who was conceived in the ordinary way and was distinguished only by his righteousness and the supreme gift of the Holy Spirit.

The name

Ebion is a Hebrew word meaning poor or needy.

They are Jewish Christians who worked to preserve the teachings of the Old Testament as much as possible. Jerome of the fourth century says that he found in Palestine Christians known as Nazarenes and Ebionites, and we cannot be certain whether they were two sects or two wings of one sect… The Gospel of the Ebionites, or the Gospel of the Twelve Apostles as it was called, represents with the “Gospel of the Hebrews”… the Jewish Christian spirit… Epiphanius (376 AD) says that the Nazarenes have the Gospel of Matthew in a more complete form in Hebrew Aramaic [3]

He quotes Eusebius (340 AD), known as the father of church history and the Herod of Christianity, as saying that the Gospel according to the Hebrews is the most correct in the view of the Hebrews who believed in Christ. He says about the Ebionites that they used only the Gospel called according to the Hebrews and rarely cared about anything else.

He says about their belief: They kept the Sabbath and all the other Jewish customs and were zealous in implementing the provisions of the Torah and considered that salvation is not based on faith in Christ alone but also on implementing the Law of Moses.

The Ebionites Pharisees,

and Anba Gregory understands in his book “Comparative Theology” that they were characterized by fanaticism and denied the divinity of Christ and did not acknowledge his divine existence before the incarnation and refused to consider him the word of God and his wisdom, and they also denied his miraculous birth from the Virgin.

The Ebionites Pharisees launched a fierce campaign against Paul and denied his apostleship because of his determination to prevent the Judaization of Christianity or its containment within the framework of the Mosaic Law.

The moderate Ebionites

continued until the days of Saint Jerome (342-420 AD). They believed that Jesus was the awaited Messiah, denied his divinity, and acknowledged the miracle of the birth of Christ from the Virgin Mary.

The Essene Ebionites

were named after Essene and were a secret group that tended toward mystical contemplation, asceticism, and austerity.

They rejected most of the history of Judaism and considered it a deviation from the true Mosaic doctrine. For this reason, they rejected belief in the Old Testament with the exception of the five parts inspired by Moses, and they denied the resurrection of bodies. They rejected

the doctrine of the Trinity (belief in the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit) and believed in a type of dualism based on the existence of two divine powers, one of which was represented by a male principle, the Son of God, who they believed was incarnated in Adam first and then in Jesus at the end. The other was represented by the Holy Spirit.

This group practiced Eucharist (the sacrament of communion) with unleavened bread and water instead of the wine that was customary for communion in Christianity.

They divided the prophets into two types:

Prophets of truth such as Adam, Noah, Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, Korah and Moses

Prophets of understanding (not truth) such as David, Solomon, Isaiah, and Jeremiah.

Bishop Gregory says: “If the Pharisaic Ebionites inherited their teachings from the Jewish Church, then the Essene Ebionites are the fruit of the mixture between Christianity, the Essene Jewish doctrine, and some Gnostic and Eastern mystical principles.”

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